Free Essay on Olfaction

Olfaction is the sense that gives people and animals an ability to smell. Human olfactory receptors, i.e. the sensory cells that register smell substances, are gathered in a small organ at the top of the nose, the so-called area olfactoria. This epithelium area consists of the olfactory nerve cells, supporting and basal cells.

Olfactory neurons have cilia which receptors are located on, in order to increase the surface of the epithelium. Each olfactory nerve cell is linked to only one kind of receptor. The tissue also contains glands that produce mucus to protect the cilia and also help to capture the fragrances. Insect olfactory organs tend to be placed on sensory whip. Olfaction area is located on top of the nasal cavity ceiling, at nervus olfactorius. It is an outgrowth of the brain that receive olfactory neuronal axion and connects them to the brain's nerve cells.

The olfactory organ in humans and other higher organisms can be thought of as a complex molecule detector and as well as a form of chemoreceptor. With the sense of smell, we can discern about 10 000 350 proteins and combinations of these, of which 80% are unpleasant smells.

Compared to the human sense of smell, the smell of other animals is both more complex and more specialized in other scents. Smell center of the dog  occupies about a third of dog’s brain with only one twentieth in humans.

Lucretius (1st century BC) postulated that the olfactory system worked by recognizing various shapes and sizes of odor particles. The modern theory was verified by Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck, who in 2004 won the Nobel prize in Physiology or medicine for demonstrating how smell works by cloning of olfactory receptor protein and then pairing them with various odoriferous substances.

Humans have about 350 different types of odor receptors, but we can recognize (distinguish) approximately 10,000 different smells.

The G protein-coupled receptors that are located on the olfactory receptor cell surface represent the largest class of protein and about three percent of our genes are used to produce the odor receptors. A fragrance substance binds to the G-receptors, which in turn activates cAMP that binds directly to the Ca+ channels, which open and depolarize the cell membrane by chloride ions. Depolarization starts a potential action if it is strong enough to reach over a threshold. Olfactory receptor cells' axons leads to different glomerulus where other neurons signal to the brain through the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I, n. olfactorius).

Signals from odorant receptors go to the brain's different olfactory centers. In addition, there are nerves leading directly from glomerulus to the limbic system.

They are responsible for developing emotions. The sense of smell is the only sense whose nerves are not forwarded in talamus on its way to the cerebrum.

That we perceive as taste is largely due to our olfactory impression. While taste receptors can only distinguish between six different basic tastes (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami and fatty), the sense of smell is able to distinguish hundreds of different scents in extremely small quantities.

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Sample Essay on Abusive Parents

"Of course, my father had used to hit me, but he did that to get me back on the right path. I do not see here any correlation with the failure of my married life" said Georges, a prominent surgeon.

The Georges’ story is not exceptional. Many people have trouble in their relationships with parents to have a major impact on their lives.

Our parent plant in us mental and emotional seeds that grow at the same time as we do. In some families these seeds are love, respect, and independence. But in others, these seeds are fear, guilt, or liability.

All parents have occasional disabilities, they are only human. Most children thrive if they receive their content of love and understanding.

Abusive parents impose trauma, abuse, critical attitude to their children and most of the time they continue to behave so even if children have become adults. Children of abusive parents feel consciously or unconsciously guilty of abuse from their parents. This leads to lack of confidence in adulthood and poor self-esteem.

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Abusive parents are comparable to the gods of the Greek Pantheon. They monitor, consider punishing, they are totally irrational, whimsical, and unpredictable.

When we are very young, our parents are gods for us, without whom we cannot survive, they give us love, protection, shelter, and food. Having nothing and nobody to whom compare we assume that they are perfect as parents so we feel safe. From 2/3 years, we start a struggle to find a distinct identity to assert our personal will. This process of separation has its peak during adolescence.

Normal parents try to tolerate, encourage nascent independence in their children.

Abusive parents see the revolt or individual differences as a personal attack. They defend themselves by strengthening the disability and dependence of the child. Instead of encouraging a healthy development, they are attacking it, often believing that it is for the good of the child.

Result is the lowering of the self-esteem of the child:

• it becomes more and more dependent.
• it has a growing need to believe that its parents are there for him give security and the necessary
• it agrees to be responsible for the conduct of his parents to give a meaning to their physical and emotional attacks.

The child think either that it is bad and that its parents are good, or that it is weak and its parents are strong.

These beliefs remain anchored: to start living its life, the child of abusive parents should face the truth, his or her 'divine' parents betrayed him at the time when it was most vulnerable.

The abusive parents’ death does not detract the power from them, to the contrary, often the deification is amplified. Rather than get rid of them, the survivors remain prisoners of their emotions.

It is important to look back at abusive parents to be able to have a realistic look and so rebalance relations.

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Extended Essay on Opium Wars

Lin Tse-Hou, military and scholar, wrote to Queen Victoria firmly asking her to stop opium trafficking that takes considerable proportions. In response, "the very pure and very Christian Queen Victoria" advised that England cannot abandon an important source of income.

The situation between the two powers is deteriorating rapidly: February 26, 1839 Lin Tse-Hou ordered to hang a Chinese trafficker before Cantonese representations of the British traders. Despite the hostility of a corrupted part of the Chinese elite, Lin stands firm and organizes the fight in the city and the province of Canton. He does stop 1700 Chinese drug traffickers and confiscated 70 000 opium pipes. He published an order where merchants engaged to do not carry opium and let inspect their boats. This additional paperwork before the arrival in July 1839, '39 rules' which key measures particularly irritate the Governor Elliot, representative of the English Crown in China: death penalty to offenders, 18 months granted to victims for detoxification and penalties applied to foreigners which violates the principle of extra-territoriality so dear to the British. After these multiple pressures, Elliot has no other choice to allow the delivery of 20 290 boxes of opium to the Chinese authorities. They are open and then with the help of the population, opium is thrown into the sea June 7, 1839. The prejudice of two million pounds sterling will be lively discussions at the Parliament in London the following year.

In this context of fight against smuggling, the English must leave not only Canton, but also Macau. 

Many of them took refuge in boats off the coast. But they receive naval reinforcements and the traffic can resume quickly in some islands under the protection of artillery of the British frigate Volage and Hyacinth.

England prepares for a war known to conduct primarily to protect the interests of the drug dealers. 

The destruction of opium caisses on June 7, 1839 provides the pretext expected to trigger hostilities.

The Treaty of Nanking, signed in August 1842 at the end of the first opium war, had already granted the British considerable commercial privileges and the island of Hong Kong.

In 1860, the Beijing Convention follows a long list of treaties qualified by the Chinese as "unequal treaties." Eleven ports, Canton, Shanghai, Hankou and Tianjin, are open to trade. Customs duties are limited to a maximum of 5%. Westerners have the right to move within the country and acquire land properties without paying more than 2.5% of taxes. Britain acquired Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and gets in 1898 a 99 year lease on the New Territories (952 km2 constituting 80% of the territory of Hong Kong) and 235 islands off the coast of Hong Kong.

Peasant revolts eventually undermine the empire which became a Republic February 12, 1912, with the abdication of the last emperor of China, Puyi, then aged six.

With the exception perhaps of the Incas and the Indians of America faced with alcohol, the opium wars constitute a first 'model' of the action of a psychotropic substance that is imposed by one nation to another. In the early 1900s, the ravages of opium are considerable since nearly 25 million people worldwide on 1 billion are regular consumers, to compare with the situation in 2000 where it is 25 million people among 7 billion who are dependent on drugs.

In China, it caused looting, famine, repressions, which last a century, from 1840 to 1949. Anglo-Saxon researchers estimate the number of victims in a range between 120 and 150 million. The arrival of Mao in power, with its appalling record of 80 million deaths, did not end to the suffering of the Chinese.

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Essay Writing on Reverse Discrimination

Reverse discrimination is a principle to create inequality in order to establish equality, by allowing some preferential treatment. It is seen as a way to restore equality of opportunities compromised by two phenomena: generalization or the persistence of racist or sexist practices on one hand, and accentuation of the socio-economic inequalities on the other hand. Depending on the first or the second case, using reverse discrimination brings two very different logics: when it comes to eliminate racist or sexist practices, this requires the definition of a "target population" from inherent and indelible features, belonging to the identity of the individual (sex and race in the United States gender and foreign origin in France); on the other hand, when it comes to socio-economic inequalities, the beneficiaries are to be defined by the criterion of their socio-economic situation. There are therefore two forms of affirmative should not be confused.

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The problem of reverse discrimination that arises today way increased due to increasingly diverse ethno cultural society. 

This is a problem that is part of the group known under the catch-all terms 'multiculturalism' or 'ethno cultural justice.' To begin with, we have to mention a fundamental distinction between 'multinational societies' and 'multi-ethnic societies.'

A 'multinational' society is a society in which several nations coexist within a given State. In this case, it is the incorporation, voluntary or not (by formation of a federation) or by a process of conquest, of various nations within a larger political entity, which is the source of cultural pluralism (examples: Canada, with the case of Quebec; the European Union if it becomes a federation in the future).

A multiethnic society, on the other hand, is a society where the source of cultural diversity refers to immigration. Cultural pluralism arises then from the fact that a country has accepted or even agree to welcome immigrants; they do not occupy a defined territory, but are more or less dispersed throughout the national territory. However, the aspirations of these two types of minorities are fundamentally different: in the first case, we are dealing with 'national minorities' whose primary concern is to protect themselves as 'separate society' side of the majority culture (their main claim is therefore autonomy); in the second case, we are dealing with 'ethnic minorities' who want to integrate into the society. Thus, the question of "reverse discrimination" is in the domain of "pluricultural" societies, i.e., in the second case.

The problem then is how we will integrate these 'ethnic minorities' to these multi-ethnic societies. 

Two competing models of integration coexist: in the first, the model Republican (but which is also, in this specific case, that of the liberalism political), the separation of the State and ethnicity prohibits legal recognition of ethnic groups and any reference to an ethnic criterion for the allocation of rights, resources, and obligations. The State is neutral, "blind" to the differences, including to the skin color of its citizens, which it is responsible for (the principle of "color blindness"). All individuals should be treated equal, uniform, without taking into account, for example, their ethno-cultural affiliation or gender.

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