College Essay on Minorities in Mass Media

One of the difficulties faced by the modern European society is to recognize and to perceive itself fully as multicultural. In this context, the audiovisual media can play a major role. But at the moment there seems to be a clear distance between the reality of things and their reflection that the media referring to minorities.

Unequal and insufficient representation of immigrants and minorities in the European mass media, in particular television, is a fact widely and regularly confirmed by more than twenty years of research.

As it has been summarized by the Dutch linguist T. A. Van Dijk, working on the relationship between racism and the mass media, "the media, today as well that 50 or 100 years ago, tend to assimilate foreigners, immigrants, refugees, or minorities to a problem and refer to 'them' rather than as an integral part of ’we.’ However, this resume echoes an idea put forward by E. Mace that "representation in mass media reflects, at one point, specific national collective imaginary tensions" (Mace, 2006 b: 115).

Thus, in recent years, the media, and especially television, were established in Europe as one of the privileged place where the question of the relationship between the majority and minority components of society has been raised, place all the more interesting that it has a dual status: both to fight challenge and showcase it.

In this essay, I am trying to first to identify how the question of the representation of minorities in the mass media is a "public issue," as well as the institutional treatment that it has generated over the past decade. Facing more than mixed stock of various reasons to consider this issue, I will then examine on a few of the reasons that may explain the persistence of a "European lag' in the media representation of minority groups.

At the crossing of reflections concerning the formation of public issues, the foundations of the questions of representation, the relationship between media and society as well as reconfigurations of the current ethnic boundaries in European society, this brief essay commenting the discussion restricted to the question of minorities representation in mass media, will allow updating of the broader trends of the report of the European minority issues.

This essay, thus, offers to explore media initiatives for populations in situation of minority. In line with research on the mass media» and in particular those carried out byte Minority Media team, this essay is devoted to mass media created by and for migrant populations and their children, but also by people who share a memory of mobility, like the Roma.

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CPE Essay Sample on Music

Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use your own words throughout as far as possible, and include you own ideas in your answers.  

The effects of music  

We humans are a musical species no less than a linguistic one. This takes many different forms. All of us (with very few exceptions) can perceive music, harmony and rhythm. We integrate all of these using many different parts of the brain. And to this largely unconscious appreciation of music is added an often intense and profound emotional reaction. Shakespeare referred to music as the "food of love", and for most people their lives would be poorer without music. Music is capable of stimulating both passion and compassion, speaking to our very core and taking us to the heights and depths of emotion. 

Music in schools? 

There is little doubt that regular exposure to music, and especially active participation in music, may stimulate development of other abilities. Some argue that music is as important educationally as reading or writing, and suggest that a musical education advantages those with mathematical aptitude. What people do not agree about, however, is which kind of music is the most educationally valuable. Some regard classical music as the only kind of music that should be taught in schools. However, leaving aside the problem of defining "classical" in different cultural contexts, there is a strong case that all types of music are equally valid in stimulating an individual's potential. 

Write your essay. 

Humans and Music 

Music has accompanied human beings throughout history and has undeniably become an essential factor in our lives. Both pieces of text focus on the effects of music on us and discuss whether it should be taught in schools and why.

Let's start by stating that there is a strong connection between all kinds of music and the human emotions. We have an aptitude to appreciate the harmony brought by a series of carefully arranged rhythms, be it Mozart's nineteenth sonata or Justin Bieber's latest single.  It is currently widely accepted that music induces hormonal and thus, emotional responses in our brains. Some would even compare songs to drugs, since they could conceivably become addictive: take the case of any summer hit.

But not only is there a connection between music and our emotions; music is also linked to education. Opinions actually differ about which type of music is the most potential-stimulating, but all scientist agree it has a positive effect on students. For instance there are theories which suggest that young children who play a musical instrument are later  better at maths.

To conclude I would like to state that everybody is attracted to music. Everyone has a favourite style with which they feel identified, as well as a song that enables them to feel at ease during the toughest moments in life. The truth is that music makes memories more vivid, empowers long-time relationships and what is more, turns dull and mundane nights into special moments in our lives. 

Sent by Diana Yang
*Task taken from a Cambridge CPE exam past paper (2012)

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Child Psychology Essay

Child psychology is a branch of developmental psychology, dedicated to the exploration of patterns of mental development of the child. The main subject of analysis is driving causes and conditions for ontogenetic development of individual mental processes, including the formation of different types of a child behavior.

Child psychology, as a science of mental development of the child, originated as a branch of comparative psychology in the late 19th century. The starting point for systematic research on the psychology of the child is a work «Die Seele des Kindes» by Darwinian William Preyer. The work described the results of the Preyer’s daily observations on the development of his own son, paying attention to the development of his senses, motor skills, will, mind, and language. Despite the fact that the monitoring took place long before the Preyer’s book was published, Preyer’s undeniable priority was the study of the earliest years of the child and the introduction of the method of objective observation to child psychology, developed by analogy with the methods in the natural sciences. In modern terms, Peyer’s views are seen as naive, limited to the level of development of science of the 19th century. For example, he considered the mental development of the child as a version of the biological development. (However, strictly speaking, even today, there are hidden and explicit proponents of this idea...). Nevertheless, Preyer was the first who made the transition from introspective to objective study of the child psyche. Therefore, he is considered the founder of child psychology by the unanimous recognition of the psychologists.

The objective conditions of establishing child psychology, created by the end of the 19th century, are linked to the intensive development of industry, with a new level of public life, which created the need for a modern school. The question was how to teach and bring up children? Parents and teachers no longer considered physical punishment as an effective method of education. The issue of understanding the child became a part of the day. On the other hand, the desire of an adult to understand himself has prompted researchers to treat children more carefully, as only through the study of child psychology there was a way to understand what adult psychology was.

However, investigating the same object, psychological development, genetic and child psychology are two different psychological sciences. Genetic psychology interested in problems of the emergence and development of mental processes.

Child psychology differs from all other by the fact that it is dealing with special units of analysis, which are the age or period of development. It should be emphasized that the age is not reduced to the sum of the individual mental processes, it is not a calendar date. Age, by definition, is a relatively closed loop of child development that has its structure and dynamics. Duration of age is determined by its internal content: there are periods of development and, in some cases, periods equal to one, three, and five years. Chronological and psychological ages do not match.

Unlike genetic, child psychology studies the periods of child development, their transformations and transitions from one age to another.

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Essay on Energy Drinks should be Banned

A few months ago, the analytical and research agency Packaged Facts (PF) noted a sharp increase in the demand for energy drinks. According to the PF experts, the revenue from the sales of this category of products will exceed $21.5 billion by 2017. For comparison, the legendary Coca-Cola Corporation, providing water dispensers all over the world, earns about $47 billion annually.

However, this week, the popular energy drinks industry attracted attention of the US Congress. 

Several senators and House members said they intend to restrict or even ban the sale of the caffeinated beverages. The Bill, which is destined to drop the production of energy drinks to the level that was decades ago, most likely, will bear the name of Anais Fournier, 14-year-old resident of Maryland, who died a year and a half ago after she drunk two cans (volume of each was 24-ounce) containing huge doses of caffeine.

The child death forced the US Department of Health and Human Services to conduct an impromptu survey,which quite unexpectedly revealed that every month more than 2.000 inhabitants of the United States have been treated in the emergency rooms with problems caused by the energy drinks.

Non-profit organizations, calling for a healthy lifestyle, instantly published their own statistics: hundreds of Americans die annually after drinking caffeinated beverages, while thousands more have different physical and mental injury. However, the official figures do not appear anywhere else, because doctors do not consider caffeine drinks like substance, threatening human life.

In my opinion, the need to ban energy drinks throughout the country is long overdue. However, until recently, the manufacturers of the caffeine containing poison have always found a way to talk around disgruntled politicians and other public figures.

For example, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg supported by Attorney General Eric Schniederman, stated once that he is going to closely control the energy drinks production. As soon as the media began to discuss this initiative, the head of the Big Apple switched to cigarettes, junk food, chips, chocolate, Cola, salty food, etc. Why Bloomberg has not fulfilled his promise is known to no one. Perhaps he found the taxes from the energy drink production financially viable for the city. 

It is also possible that large corporations have found a way to settle the matter "behind closed doors."

Today, energy drinks are sold freely in New York and other cities in America. They are on the shelves with orange juice, milk, cold tea, sprite, coke, and drinking water. Thre is no kind of warning that distinguishes them from other liquids. "Energy drinks are the most uncontrolled food product, says the addiction medicine expert Rick Swenson. During the day, you can drink a gallon of milk and feel fine, but should you drink a gallon of caffeinated beverage you will have increased heart rate. In any case, at the time of the transaction the seller not will ask you a single word."

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Essay on Failure is an Opportunity to Begin Again

Most people don't like failures. They see them as a collapse, the proof that their plan was not successful or their ideas were not good enough. However, the truth is all that everyone can fail. One of the things that distinguishes successful people is the correct perception of their failures. To succeed, you must learn from the mistakes and errors along the way, and not give up and get disappointed or depressed.

Think about it the next time failure comes, and it will come, there is no doubt about it, but the next time see it as your personal enemy and think about your defeat as a new opportunity for your victory. Here are three reasons why failure is the key to success.

Failed means tried.

The best way to measure your progress in any field is to count the number of failures that you had. If there aren’t any, chances are, you've not really tried. Failure is a blacksmith's hammer that forges the sword of your success. If you really want to get success, you have to fail at least a couple of times.

If you look at all the great men and women in the history, you'll notice that they had one thing in common: they failed, and not once. Take Thomas Edison. How many times did he make mistakes choosing the material for the filament in his light bulb? There are various assumptions, but they are all within "a hell of a lot." Henry Ford was intimately familiar with failures. So closely, that he is credited with the phrase "Failure is simply the opportunity to begin again, this time more intelligently."

It is obvious that failure provides an opportunity for growth, and does not lead to defeats.

Use failure as an instrument.

Many people are unable to use failure as an instrument. When you take a failure to close to your heart, you suppress yourself, lose your strength. Success is about studying the causes of failures and finding the best ways to fix them.

Try to ask yourself the following questions:

• What caused the failure?
• What part of it is mine?
• What can I do to turn the failure into success?
• What steps should I take to start first?
• What can I do every day to make sure that a new attempt would be more reasonable?

Take a sheet of paper and go through this list. Be as sincere and honest as you can. Analyze your answers and do never hesitate to implement them. Remember, failure is an opportunity, not a burden. 

Be thankful for the opportunity of growth.

Failure makes you stronger.

If you look at the events leading up to important victories, you'll probably find that the failure is the biggest motivator. Just like the Colorado River made the Grand Canyon over millions of years, success can come in small parts that are part of any winning strategy. On the other hand, it is not effective to expect something will happens year after year when you can act now.

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Psychological Criticism Essay

Psychological criticism is a generic name for all research efforts to establish literary phenomenon based on Freudian psychoanalytic theory, or theories by his disciples. In some of his works that touch the issue of creative writing and psychology of aesthetic experience (such as "Interpretation of Dreams", "The joke and the unconscious" or "poet and fantasy"), Freud gave great encouragement to this criticism.

Freud attempted to analyze the various symptoms (e.g., the inclination of some to certain reasons) and to share the light on unconscious factors in the creative process, though he was not inclined to think that it will transform his integral doctrine of analysis because he was aware that understanding which should create art is limited and could not fully explain the power of artistic creativity. For him, the artist is one who wishes and urges the exercise in fantasy and summarizes it in a special way. Media that are used allow adequate perception of the receiver.

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The most important contribution is the interpretation of the psychological mechanisms that relate to typical reactions such as spiritual riddles, humor, wordplay, events, and everything that lives outside of literature. Freud carefully analyzed the structure and methodic and gave examples of inductive procedure. The critical terms Freud used had larger aspirations to explain this critical artistic creation as a whole, as a complex composition of the pulses in the field. Commenting on the characteristics and actions of literary characters, assuming that psychogenic motivation is justified everywhere (e.g., in the so-called Oedipus complex), psychological criticism not distinguish quite clearly two distinct categories: the psychology of the artist and the psychology of the characters.

The analysis seeks to illuminate the rooms in the literary structure cited by the author and the author diagnosed citing figures while analyzing the confusing basic categorical differences. Similar gaps were in the recording method and interpretation of roles and the importance of dreams in literature, then the interpretation of the unconscious imagination, a phenomenon that has held since the early psychoanalytic criticism. The separation of all, the context of particular motives and individual motivations cause similar patterns in other times and cultures, the followers of the negligence of psychoanalysis integrity of the text due to speculation about the pervasiveness of libidinous symbolism.

Psychoanalytic critics characterize two orientations: remarkable traits interests of the author's biography (resulting text is "patography" which at best interprets author’s personality, but says little about the causes of our interest in his/her works); and the second direction strives to accept supra-individual examples of various signs of artistic production and the methods of study that is built on general anthropology. Both literary work directions address how to transfer the periphery: the texts or author biography are regarded as sources of secondary importance to the announcement, the documentation for those who apply to work outside the literary field. In this sense, psychological criticism is a variant of positivism. Its interesting effects in artist hoax biography present him as a mythical creature.

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