Essay on Role of Doctor in Society

Doctor is a person who dedicates his knowledge and skills for the prevention and treatment of diseases, maintain and enhance human health.

Doctors were always in demand and appreciated by society. So many people are seeking a medical education, which is why competition in Medical Schools is very high, while studying medicine is not so easy, and the number of years required to become a fully trained doctor is more than in other professions. However, that does not stop modern students, and crowds of them again and again are trying to conquer the door of receiving commissions.

The doctor has traditionally enjoyed a special status in any society, and there are high ethical and legal requirements. It is believed that a "real" doctor should be a role model for the general public not only in the matters of health (do not smoke, do not drink alcoholic beverages, to keep an active life style, eat right), but also morality. It is believed that the doctor should be fully committed to Medicine, compassionate, humble, and sober in assessments of his needs, to exercise the force of spirit and determination in difficult life situations.

The medical profession along with some other - such as a teacher or scientist - in the collective consciousness is associated primarily with public service: so, the doctors want to help their patients, teachers are willing to give the knowledge to students and develop social skills in them, scientists develop science. Representatives of these professions are opposed, say, to business people, who are concerned above all about obtaining benefits.

Medicine is often perceived as a profession for the altruists and is interpreted from the perspective of social mission. In collective consciousness, medical profession is associated primarily with the public service.

The doctor meets a man at birth and sees him at the end of his life. It determines the special responsibilities of the profession, and partiality of the average people and the media. Note what intolerance and anger doctors mistakes caused. The representatives of free press easily forgive villainy and treachery of politicians, but the urge to sue, deprive of the license, or penalize in any other way physicians, responsible for the death or disability of their patients.

The reputation of a doctor is determined by his professionalism, attitude to patient, total commitment, competence, his theoretical knowledge and practical skills, competency and skill. Doctors describe it as a knowledge of their profession, their craft, professional wisdom, good intuition, and a flair.

This profession implies spacious mind, intellectual capacity, recognition, and support of colleagues, continuous training, implementation of best practices. A distinguished doctor is described by the trust relationship with his patients, his psychological skills and techniques, the presence of personal qualities: kindness, humanity, compassion, sensitivity, patience, and emotional responsiveness.

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Essay on Evolution of Money

For starters, let's figure out, what is money? This is a special kind of commodity, which plays the role of a general equivalent, and has specific functions: means of payment, the accumulation, circulation, the measure of value.

Prerequisites for money were trade relationship between humans based on barter. At this point, people have started to realize the inconvenience associated with this system, it was expressed in the absence of a specific equivalent, which could be a fixed cost of goods allowing the deal between buyer and seller.

It is impossible to say exactly when the first money was used or officially adopted. One of the most ancient mentions about dates back for 4500 years and comes from a place located in the modern State of Iraq. It talks about the silver, as a due measure of payment. Money looked differently at different times.

Stone money, in the form of a disk, was used on the island of Yap (the Pacific Ocean) to pay for the litigation and the public expenditures. Among them were these giants up to 4 m in diameter.

Money-axes were used by native Americans in Mexico, they were kind of small axes made of copper. In addition to this money, the Indians also used cocoa beans for payment.

Ethiopian salt sticks from salt deposits were used as money until the 1920’s in Ethiopia.

Money made of feathers was used in the Pacific Islands, Santa Cruz, and were mostly used in marriage ceremonies and when buying ocean-going canoes. They had the kind of fine feathers of red color, long up to 10 m, glued and connected using plant fibers in circles.

Coins (metal plates with picture) were first manufactured in Asia minor (the Kingdom of Lydia, modern Turkey), in the 7th century BC, made of electrum (a natural alloy of gold and silver). The accuracy of the weight of the coins was guaranteed by the image on the coin, most often it was the logo of cities were it was made in.

It is possible that their primary function was to serve as decoration for your toes and hands, and then they started to be used as means of payment.

The first mentions about a system similar to modern banking, dates back to 600 BC. The data evidences of the banker Tefie, which has been the owner of a network of offices in Ionia and Greece and used non-cash payment (bank receipt Tethys).

The first paper money was used in China in 910.

Since the twelve century to our time money (currency) intensively developed. The first credit card was created in1950; it was intended to pay for dinners, lunches, or suppers at restaurants. And two years later there was the first bank credit card.

Since 1971, the dollar is no longer equivalent to gold.

Today it is difficult to imagine modern life without plastic cards, you can pay just about everywhere.

And such money as banknotes and coins ceased to play a central role on the market and in our lives.

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Essay on Biological Cycles

Many natural biological processes are cycles; this means that different state of the body alternate with sufficiently clear frequency. The simple examples of quick cycles are breathing or heartbeating when the periods of muscle contraction are alternated with the periods of muscle relaxation. The other vital cycle, such as the alternation of wakefulness and sleeping, are the short-term periods with approximately 24 hours cycle. If a biological cycle is a tides dependent, they are called tidal, it has cycle of 12.4 or 24.8 hours longevity. The period of lunar biological cycles corresponds to the length of the lunar month.

Biological cycles are interesting because in many cases they are independent from ambient conditions. Such cycles are called endogenous, i.e., "coming from the inside": though usually they are correlated with the rhythmic changes in the external environment, such as the alternation of day and night, they cannot be considered as a direct response to these changes.

Endogenous biological cycles occur in all organisms except bacteria. The internal mechanism that supports the endogenous cycling is called the biological clock.

The biological clock functioning is now well understood, but its underlying processes remain a mystery. In the 1950's, the Russian chemist Belousov proved that even in a homogeneous mixture, some chemical reactions can speed up and slow down from time to time. Similarly, ethanol fermentation in yeast cells is activated and inhibited with the period of 30 seconds. Somehow these cells communicate with each other, so their rhythms are synchronized and all yeast suspension is "pulsing" twice per minute.

Circadian cycles with a period of about 24 hours are of great interest. They have gotten their name from the Lat. Circa - about and dies — day.

Biological processes with circadian periodicity are very diverse. For example, three kinds of glowing mushrooms strengthen and weaken their glow every 24 hours, even if artificially kept under constant light or in complete darkness. Various metabolic processes in higher plants, such as photosynthesis and respiration, occur with circadian cycle. A variety of circadian cycles is also known in animals.

Biological clock mechanism is very precise in insects. For example, the bees know when certain flowers are open, and visit them every day at the same time. Bees also quickly learn what time they are given sugar syrup at the apiary.

In human body not only sleeping, but also many other functions are subject to a daily rhythm. 

Examples are raising and lowering blood pressure and the allocation of the potassium and sodium emission by kidneys, fluctuations in reflex time, sweating, etc. Changes in body temperature are especially noticeable: at night, it is by about 1°C lower than in the afternoon.

Biological cycles in humans are formed gradually in the course of individual development. A newborn has quite unstable periods of sleep, nutrition, etc. Regular change of periods of sleep and wakefulness, based on the 24-25 hour cycle starts with only at 15 weeks of age.

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