Useful phrases for CPE/ CAE/ FCE and IELTS essays

Essays are academic documents written for a university/college class on a serious topic, such as "global warming" or "the impact of new technologies on our society". Therefore they are formal in style, contain advanced/specialised vocabulary and use a wide variety of grammatical structures.


Writing an essay for an international exam like CPE, CAE, FCE or IELTS, is usually perceived by students as a real challenge. But it shouldn´t be such a daunting task, having had the right amount of practice and counting with a couple of useful expressions up your sleeve. This post intends to provide you with some help.

Guide to write an essay: Click here!
What´s the difference between an essay and an article?
Click here!


Useful phrases for writing essays:

The following is a list of phrases that can be used when writing an essay. Notice that they have a formal style and that they do not contain contractions.

Establishing the purpose of the essay (introduction)
This essay critically examines...
The paper will review the research conducted on...
The aim of this paper is to examine...
The essay seeks to...

Giving opinions/stating facts
It is vitally important to...
I would like to point out that...
It is doubtful that...
Without a doubt...
It would be infinitely preferable to...

Giving somebody else´s opinion
It has recently been suggested that...
According to Dr...

Giving examples
In the case of...
This is an example of...
For instance...

Presenting arguments in order
Firstly...
Secondly...
In addition to what has already been mentioned...

Summarising your opinion
In the end,...
All in all,...
In conclusion,...


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How to write an article for an international exam (CPE, CAE, FCE, IELTS,...)

When taking CPE, CAE, FCE, IELTS or any other international examination, you are often asked to write an article. This can be either formal or informal and on a wide variety of topics. There are a number of things you should take into consideration before you write, while you write and after you´ve finished writing...


1. Before you write

Take a minute to read the task(instructions) carefully and decide what to write and in which style.

Ask yourself the following questions

What do I have to write about? (Content/ check task)

Who is the article for? A newspaper, a formal magazine/ a blog...? (To decide on style/check task)

How many paragraphs am I going to write? (Organisation)

What kind of language should I use? (Language/grammar I am expected to use/ check task)

2. While you write

Have into consideration that articles have two main purposes, to inform and to entertain/interest the reader. Ideally after going through your text, your readers should have the feeling that they have learnt something or at least that they have had a good time.

It is always a good idea to start the article with an inviting title and a riveting introduction. Something that makes your public continue reading. It could be a question (that they will only be able to answer after reading the text), or something intended to caputure the reader´s imagination. You are free to be creative when choosing a title but make sure it reflects what the text is about.

As you write remember to stick to your plan, check that you are truly answering the task questions and that you have clear well-organised coherent paragraphs (You shouldn´t start writing about A and end up writing about Z.)

At CAE and CPE level it is also of vital importance to include some advanced examples of the use of grammar as well as lexis (idioms, collocations, sayings.) So instead of saying something like "I had a lot of fun although I don´t normally enjoy jazz concerts" say something like " I had a whale of a time although jazz concerts are not my cup of tea" (idioms: have a whale of a time; not my cup of tea.)

3 After you write

Take your time to proofread. Check for spelling mistakes and see if you have to make any corrections. Make sure that you have used a wide variety of words and if you find one that has been used more than once, replace it for a synonym.

Avoid repetition: Don´t say "I like history programmes, I also like music programmes."
Say: "I´m into history programmes and I also like music Tv shows."

Ask yourself the following questions:
- Have I completed the task? (Content)
- Is my article well-organised? (Organisation)
- Have I used a wide range of vocabulary? (Language)
- Have I used different grammar tenses? (Language)
- Is all the article writen in the same style? (Style)
- Is the article interesting enough? (Reader)

Take a look at some examples of articles:

Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3


Commonly asked questions:

1. How long should a piece of writing be?
It depends on the international examination. At CPE for example, it is between 250-350. It is important to read the instructions carefully, the expected number of words must be there.

2 What is the difference between an article and an essay?
As I see it, an essay is more academic, usually written for a university/college class. An article is usually for a magazine or a blog, they can be formal or informal, the topics can be serious or trivial, they are intented to inform and also to entertain.



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Essay on Physical Exercises

Physical Exercise Instructions Essay

Riding the stationary cycle for 30 minutes is a good but not enough. More activities that are physical are required to achieve physical fitness. Increasing time on the cardio machines to 45 minutes is a step towards the right direction. However, other physical activities can be done even at home. For instance, you can begin a walking group with other people for encouragement. This is a very easy way of keeping physically fit. You can also ride a bike or use a mower to mow your lawns. In addition, you can also use NSCA video exercise tips to perform the exercises while at home. While going to work, you can alight from a bus early and either walk or skate the rest of the distance.

 Karen you can engage in some plays that can enhance you fitness levels. For instance, you can begin swimming which is one of the best ways of keeping fit or take up dancing or yoga sessions. To improve your upper body strength, you can play wheelchair sports or hand cycling. Any of these physical exercises can help you be physical fit.

There are many ways of improving your upper body strength either at home or at a gym. This is something that is not instantaneous but gradual. You should begin by performing pushups daily. Begin by determining how many pushups you can comfortably do every day and then complete that amount each morning after waking up. After one week, you should increase the number of pushups you do by double. These pushups will strengthen your triceps and chest muscles as you will begin seeing the results after two weeks.

Performing bench press exercises will also improve your upper body strength.  The bench press exercises should be done using dumbbells. You can use a declined, flat or an inclined bench to perform the exercise. Divide the bench press weight into two while using the dumbbells to determine the weights to lift. To improve your chest muscles, you should vary the bench lifts using the bench at different heights by lowering or raising the bench. You can also improve on your triceps by either bench press or curls. The most simple of building the triceps is either by laying or sitting while performing the triceps extensions.

Lower body strength is also very useful in walking and running since it helps one to improve their endurance levels. The easiest way of doing this is performing squats especially the one legged squats. You should begin doing this every morning after determining the number you can perform.

You can also use weight machine to strengthen your thigh muscles. Place your leg inside the machine while your other leg at the foot rest. Push the weights more than 10 times. This helps to strengthen the outer thigh muscles. To build the inner thigh muscles spread your legs by placing your leg on the outside of the machine while the other at the foot rest. Pull the weight by bringing your legs together between 10 to 12 times.

Alternatively, you can use your weights to build your calf muscles. Stand on a raised surface with the ball of your foot in position while the heel of the foot on the edge.

Lift the other foot over the floor and push your body up and down using the planted foot. You can also use your free weights by standing on a level surface with your shoulder weights balanced using your hands. Then rise up and down on your toes. Do this around 10 times daily.

In the gym, you can use a weight machine to improve your thighs and hamstrings.  Place your legs behind the bar of the leg extension machine at the front of the ankles. Push against the weight of the machine until your legs are fully extended.

Perform these exercises equally both the upper body and lower body exercises for two weeks without fail and you will begin to see the results.

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CPE Article: A fun way to learn English

Need help on how to write an article? Take a look at this  CPE sample article by our guest blogger from Spain, Elena Traviesa.













Task: " You are a student at an international college. Your tutor has asked you to write an article for the college website on ways students can improve language skills outside the classroom. In your article, you should suggest ways in which students can make contact with English-language speakers. You should also assess whether the most effective way of improving language skills is to make friends with speakers of the language"

               A fun way to learn English (give your article a title)

(State your main idea in the first paragraph)
In today's intercultural society, no one can deny the importance of learning a second language, especially English. In our college we believe that major action should be taken to guarantee that all of us, the students, are given the chance to practice this ability to communicate with for people from all over the world. This task will require working with a holistic approach and will imply the participation of a very committed group of people willing to help each other. So are you ready? (use a question to motivate readers)

(organise your text into paragraphs)

Our first idea is to use the Internet. For young people surfing the net is as easy as pie and we all have access to it. We suggest getting in touch with other students from around the world. Some highly recommendable sites include a wide range of social networks as Facebook and Twitter. It is also a good idea to encourage students to chat via Skype with people from English speaking countries.

A second idea is to organise reading or conversation clubs, which can have monthly gatherings in different spots in the city. Needless to say this will be a very effective way to learn while making friends and having a blast. There are several attractive places in town such as parks, art galleries, cafés, and social artistic venues where students and professionals can give a boost to their social and language skills.

A final idea is for the college to create a web page. With the support of this effective tool, our students can have blogs with a variety of engaging tasks and games. We can have fun getting familiar with collocations and structures that can be shared as part of an exercise on our creative website. It will definitely be highly engaging for students regardless of their backgrounds and specializations, they will find an enjoyable site where they can put language into practice, as they will be well-connected and comfortable with the cuttingedge technology.

By Elena Traviesa
Sociologist/English teacher/blogger from Bilbao, Spain.

#words: 325


Need more help? Try these links:

How to write an article 

Article sample 1  

Article sample 2                               

                                   

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Reading and Mind-mapping to learn new vocabulary (LABCI 2013- presentation)

How to teach vocabulary using mind maps

The whole presentation at http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=266646432&trk=nav_responsive_tab_profile

These are some power point shots of what was my presentation at LABCI 2013. Basically I was looking for ways to help my students improve their writing so I came up with the idea of using mind-maps. The idea soon became a very serious project which I presented at Cayetano University (Faculty of Education) and later at the Latin American British Culture Institutions Congress in Lima this year.

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